Comparison of MRI Findings in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis

Objective?Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has emerged as a key concern during the period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for invasive fungal infection. The aim of this article was to study and compare the radiological features of COVID-19-associated ROCM between diabetic and nondiabetic patients using magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and Methods?A retrospective observational study comprising 78 diabetics and 40 nondiabetics who developed ROCM after COVID-19 was conducted. The imaging data of both groups were analyzed, findings tabulated and compared using statistical methods. Results?Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses were commonly involved in both groups. Periantral fat and orbits were the most common sites of disease extension. The spread of infection to periantral soft tissue was significantly higher in diabetics (p = 0.049). Diabetics were more likely to have bone, orbit, and brain involvement than nondiabetics, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diabetic patients were the only ones to experience complications such as fungal abscess and cavernous sinus and internal carotid artery involvement. However, a considerable number of nondiabetic patients (22.5%) also had an intracranial extension of disease. Conclusion?The radiological appearances and common sites of invasion in ROCM are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The extensive spread of infection to extra-sinus regions can occur in nondiabetic patients with COVID-19 but is less frequent compared with diabetics.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome – An unusual case of primary amenorrhea

The onset of menstruation is a significant milestone of sexual maturation in a girl child. Although there are numerous causes of primary amenorrhea, Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, also known as Müllerian aplasia, is one of the extremely rare causes of primary amenorrhea which is usually picked up by suitable imaging techniques like magnetic resonance imaging. Affected females have a normal female hormonal function and a normal karyotype but non-functional vagina and uterus which make it an interesting entity. Although specific treatment is not known for this entity except for vaginoplasty and creation of a neovagina for sexual gratification, the clinical and diagnostic workup of these patients has evolved in recent years and infertility treatment and child-bearing through in vitrofertilization have become a part of the long-term treatment plan for these females.

Role Of Hysterosalpingography In Management Of Female Infertility And Its Laparoscopic Correlation

BACKGROUND : Infertility nowadays has become a medical as well as social problem.Laboratory findings alone is inconclusive in diagnosing infertility.HSG is the radiographic technique for evaluation of uterine cavity & fallopian tubes..Direct visualization of abdominal and pelvic organs in laparoscopy allows a definite diagnosis where clinical examination & less invasive techniques such as ultrasound & HSG fail to identify the abnormality. AIMS & OBJECTIVES :To determine the role of HSG in the evaluation of infertility & to correlate its findings with laparoscopy. METHODS : 75 infertile females aged between 20-40 years were included. HSG & laparoscopy was performed in all patients & findings were analysed. RESULTS : Sensitivity of HSG was 80 %,specificity was 76 % with positive predictive value 63%, negative predictive value 88 % in detecting tubal pathology. Sensitivity of HSG in detecting uterine pathology was 67%, specificity 73%, positive predictive value 39% and negative predictive value 89%. CONCLUSION : HSG has reasonably good sensitivity & specificity in diagnosing tubal & uerine pathology while laparoscopy has diagnostic as well as therapeutic approach.Hence they are complimentary to each other in infertility work up.